Ex Corde Ecclesiae - On Catholic Universities - John = Paul II - Apostolic Constitution (15 August 1990)

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	=20

APOSTOLIC=20 CONSTITUTION
OF THE = SUPREME=20 PONTIFF
JOHN PAUL=20 II
ON CATHOLIC=20 UNIVERSITIES

INTRODUCTION

BORN FROM THE HEART of the Church, a Catholic University is = located in=20 that course of tradition which may be traced back to the very = origin of=20 the University as an institution. It has always been recognized as = an=20 incomparable centre of creativity and dissemination of knowledge = for the=20 good of humanity. By vocation, the Universitas magistrorum et=20 scholarium is dedicated to research, to teaching and to the = education=20 of students who freely associate with their teachers in a common = love of=20 knowledge(1). With every other University it shares that = gaudium de=20 veritate, so precious to Saint Augustine, which is that joy of = searching for, discovering and communicating truth(2) in every = field of=20 knowledge. A Catholic University's privileged task is "to unite=20 existentially by intellectual effort two orders of reality that = too=20 frequently tend to be placed in opposition as though they were=20 antithetical: the search for truth, and the certainty of already = knowing=20 the fount of truth"(3).

2. For many years I myself was deeply enriched by the = beneficial=20 experience of university life: the ardent search for truth and its = unselfish transmission to youth and to all those learning to think = rigorously, so as to act rightly and to serve humanity better.

Therefore, I desire to share with everyone my profound respect = for=20 Catholic Universities, and to express my great appreciation for = the work=20 that is being done in them in the various spheres of knowledge. In = a=20 particular way, I wish to manifest my joy at the numerous meetings = which=20 the Lord has permitted me to have in the course of my apostolic = journeys=20 with the Catholic University communities of various continents. = They are=20 for me a lively and promising sign of the fecundity of the = Christian mind=20 in the heart of every culture. They give me a well-founded hope = for a new=20 flowering of Christian culture in the rich and varied context of = our=20 changing times, which certainly face serious challenges but which = also=20 bear so much promise under the action of the Spirit of truth and = of=20 love.

It is also my desire to express my pleasure and gratitude to = the very=20 many Catholic scholars engaged in teaching and research in = non-Catholic=20 Universities. Their task as academics and scientists, lived out in = the=20 light of the Christian faith, is to be considered precious for the = good of=20 the Universities in which they teach. Their presence, in fact, is = a=20 continuous stimulus to the selfless search for truth and for the = wisdom=20 that comes from above.

3. Since the beginning of this Pontificate, I have shared these = ideas=20 and sentiments with my closest collaborators, the Cardinals, with = the=20 Congregation for Catholic Education, and with men and women of = culture=20 throughout the world. In fact, the dialogue of the Church with the = cultures of our times is that vital area where "the future of the = Church=20 and of the world is being played out as we conclude the twentieth=20 century"(4). There is only one cultre: that of man, by man and for = man(5).=20 And thanks to her Catholic Universities and their humanistic and=20 scientific inheritance, the Church, expert in humanity, as my = predecessor,=20 Paul VI, expressed it at the United Nations(6), explores the = mysteries of=20 humanity and of the world, clarifying them in the light of = Revelation.

4. It is the honour and responsibility of a Catholic University = to=20 consecrate itself without reserve to the cause of truth. = This is=20 its way of serving at one and the same time both the dignity of = man and=20 the good of the Church, which has "an intimate conviction that = truth is=20 (its) real ally ... and that knowledge and reason are sure = ministers to=20 faith"(7). Without in any way neglecting the acquisition of useful = knowledge, a Catholic University is distinguished by its free = search for=20 the whole truth about nature, man and God. The present age is in = urgent=20 need of this kind of disinterested service, namely of = proclaiming the=20 meaning of truth, that fundamental value without which = freedom,=20 justice and human dignity are extinguished. By means of a kind of=20 universal humanism a Catholic University is completely dedicated = to the=20 research of all aspects of truth in their essential connection = with the=20 supreme Truth, who is God. It does this without fear but rather = with=20 enthusiasm, dedicating itself to every path of knowledge, aware of = being=20 preceded by him who is "the Way, the Truth, and the Life"(8), the=20 Logos, whose Spirit of intelligence and love enables the = human=20 person with his or her own intelligence to find the ultimate = reality of=20 which he is the source and end and who alone is capable of giving = fully=20 that Wisdom without which the future of the world would be in = danger.

5. It is in the context of the impartial search for truth that = the=20 relationship between faith and reason is brought to light and = meaning. The=20 invitation of Saint Augustine, "Intellege ut credas; crede ut=20 intellegas"(9), is relevant to Catholic Universities that are = called=20 to explore courageously the riches of Revelation and of nature so = that the=20 united endeavour of intelligence and faith will enable people to = come to=20 the full measure of their humanity, created in the image and = likeness of=20 God, renewed even more marvellously, after sin, in Christ, and = called to=20 shine forth in the light of the Spirit.

6. Through the encounter which it establishes between the = unfathomable=20 richness of the salvific message of the Gospel and the variety and = immensity of the fields of knowledge in which that richness is = incarnated=20 by it, a Catholic University enables the Church to institute an=20 incomparably fertile dialogue with people of every culture. Man's = life is=20 given dignity by culture, and, while he finds his fullness in = Christ,=20 there can be no doubt that the Gospel which reaches and renews him = in=20 every dimension is also fruitful for the culture in which he = lives.

7. In the world today, characterized by such rapid developments = in=20 science and technology, the tasks of a Catholic University assume = an ever=20 greater importance and urgency. Scientific and technological = discoveries=20 create an enormous economic and industrial growth, but they also=20 inescapably require the correspondingly necessary search for=20 meaning in order to guarantee that the new discoveries be used = for the=20 authentic good of individuals and of human society as a whole. If = it is=20 the responsibility of every University to search for such meaning, = a=20 Catholic University is called in a particular way to respond to = this need:=20 its Christian inspiration enables it to include the moral, = spiritual and=20 religious dimension in its research, and to evaluate the = attainments of=20 science and technology in the perspective of the totality of the = human=20 person.

In this context, Catholic Universities are called to a = continuous=20 renewal, both as "Universities" and as "Catholic". For, "What is = at stake=20 is the very meaning of scientific and technological research, = of social=20 life and of culture, but, on an even more profound level, what = is at=20 stake is the very meaning of the human person"(10). Such = renewal=20 requires a clear awareness that, by its Catholic character, a = University=20 is made more capable of conducting an impartial search for = truth, a=20 search that is neither subordinated to nor conditioned by = particular=20 interests of any kind.

8. Having already dedicated the Apostolic Constitution = Sapientia=20 Christiana to Ecclesiastical Faculties and Universities(11), I = then=20 felt obliged to propose an analogous Document for Catholic = Universities as=20 a sort of "magna carta", enriched by the long and fruitful = experience of=20 the Church in the realm of Universities and open to the promise of = future=20 achievements that will require courageous creativity and rigorous=20 fidelity.

9. The present Document is addressed especially to those who = conduct=20 Catholic Universities, to the respective academic communities, to = all=20 those who have an interest in them, particularly the Bishops, = Religious=20 Congregations and ecclesial Institutions, and to the = numerous laity=20 who are committed to the great mission of higher education. Its = purpose is=20 that "the Christian mind may achieve, as it were, a public, = persistent and=20 universal presence in the whole enterprise of advancing higher = culture and=20 that the students of these institutions become people outstanding = in=20 learning, ready to shoulder society's heavier burdens and to = witness the=20 faith to the world"(12).

10. In addition to Catholic Universities, I also turn to the = many=20 Catholic Institutions of higher education. According to their = nature and=20 proper objectives, they share some or all of the characteristics = of a=20 University and they offer their own contribution to the Church and = to=20 society, whether through research, education or professional = training.=20 While this Document specifically concerns Catholic Universities, = it is=20 also meant to include all Catholic Institutions of higher = education=20 engaged in instilling the Gospel message of Christ in souls and=20 cultures.

Therefore, it is with great trust and hope that I invite all = Catholic=20 Universities to pursue their irreplaceable task. Their mission = appears=20 increasingly necessary for the encounter of the Church with the=20 development of the sciences and with the cultures of our age.

Together with all my brother Bishops who share pastoral = responsibility=20 with me, I would like to manifest my deep conviction that a = Catholic=20 University is without any doubt one of the best instruments that = the=20 Church offers to our age which is searching for certainty and = wisdom.=20 Having the mission of bringing the Good News to everyone, the = Church=20 should never fail to interest herself in this Institution. By = research and=20 teaching, Catholic Universities assist the Church in the manner = most=20 appropriate to modern times to find cultural treasures both old = and new,=20 "nova et vetera", according to the words of Jesus(13).

11. Finally, I turn to the whole Church, convinced that = Catholic=20 Universities are essential to her growth and to the development of = Christian culture and human progress. For this reason, the entire=20 ecclesial Community is invited to give its support to Catholic=20 Institutions of higher education and to assist them in their = process of=20 development and renewal. It is invited in a special way to guard = the=20 rights and freedom of these Institutions in civil society, and to = offer=20 them economic aid, especially in those countries where they have = more=20 urgent need of it, and to furnish assistance in founding new = Catholic=20 Universities wherever this might be necessary.

My hope is that these prescriptions, based on the teaching of = Vatican=20 Council II and the directives of the Code of Canon Law, will = enable=20 Catholic Universities and other Institutes of higher studies to = fulfil=20 their indispensable mission in the new advent of grace that is = opening up=20 to the new Millennium.

PART I

IDENTITY AND MISSION

A. THE IDENTITY OF A CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

1. Nature and Objectives

12. Every Catholic University, as a university, is an = academic=20 community which, in a rigorous and critical fashion, assists in = the=20 protection and advancement of human dignity and of a cultural = heritage=20 through research, teaching and various services offered to the = local,=20 national and international communities(14). It possesses that=20 institutional autonomy necessary to perform its functions = effectively and=20 guarantees its members academic freedom, so long as the rights of = the=20 individual person and of the community are preserved within the = confines=20 of the truth and the common good(15).

13. Since the objective of a Catholic University is to assure = in an=20 institutional manner a Christian presence in the university world=20 confronting the great problems of society and culture(16), every = Catholic=20 University, as Catholic, must have the following = essential=20 characteristics:

"1. a Christian inspiration not only of individuals but of the=20 university community as such;

2. a continuing reflection in the light of the Catholic faith = upon the=20 growing treasury of human knowledge, to which it seeks to = contribute by=20 its own research;

3. fidelity to the Christian message as it comes to us through = the=20 Church;

4. an institutional commitment to the service of the people of = God and=20 of the human family in their pilgrimage to the transcendent goal = which=20 gives meaning to life"(17).

14. "In the light of these four characteristics, it is evident = that=20 besides the teaching, research and services common to all = Universities, a=20 Catholic University, by institutional commitment, brings to = its=20 task the inspiration and light of the Christian message. In = a=20 Catholic University, therefore, Catholic ideals, attitudes and = principles=20 penetrate and inform university activities in accordance with the = proper=20 nature and autonomy of these activities. In a word, being both a=20 University and Catholic, it must be both a community of scholars=20 representing various branches of human knowledge, and an academic=20 institution in which Catholicism is vitally present and=20 operative"(18).

15. A Catholic University, therefore, is a place of research, = where=20 scholars scrutinize reality with the methods proper to each = academic discipline, and so contribute to the treasury of human = knowledge.=20 Each individual discipline is studied in a systematic manner; = moreover,=20 the various disciplines are brought into dialogue for their mutual = enhancement.

In addition to assisting men and women in their continuing = quest for=20 the truth, this research provides an effective witness, especially = necessary today, to the Church's belief in the intrinsic value of=20 knowledge and research.

In a Catholic University, research necessarily includes (a) = the=20 search for an integration of knowledge, (b) a dialogue = between=20 faith and reason, (c) an ethical concern, and (d) = a=20 theological perspective.

16. Integration of knowledge is a process, one which = will always=20 remain incomplete; moreover, the explosion of knowledge in recent = decades,=20 together with the rigid compartmentalization of knowledge within=20 individual academic disciplines, makes the task increasingly = difficult.=20 But a University, and especially a Catholic University, "has to = be a=20 'living union' of individual organisms dedicated to the search = for=20 truth ... It is necessary to work towards a higher synthesis = of=20 knowledge, in which alone lies the possibility of satisfying that = thirst=20 for truth which is profoundly inscribed on the heart of the human=20 person"(19). Aided by the specific contributions of philosophy and = theology, university scholars will be engaged in a constant effort = to=20 determine the relative place and meaning of each of the various=20 disciplines within the context of a vision of the human person and = the=20 world that is enlightened by the Gospel, and therefore by a faith = in=20 Christ, the Logos, as the centre of creation and of human=20 history.

17. In promoting this integration of knowledge, a specific part = of a=20 Catholic University's task is to promote dialogue between faith = and=20 reason, so that it can be seen more profoundly how faith and = reason=20 bear harmonious witness to the unity of all truth. While each = academic=20 discipline retains its own integrity and has its own methods, this = dialogue demonstrates that "methodical research within every = branch of=20 learning, when carried out in a truly scientific manner and in = accord with=20 moral norms, can never truly conflict with faith. For the things = of the=20 earth and the concerns of faith derive from the same God"(20). A = vital=20 interaction of two distinct levels of coming to know the one truth = leads=20 to a greater love for truth itself, and contributes to a more=20 comprehensive understanding of the meaning of human life and of = the=20 purpose of God's creation.

18. Because knowledge is meant to serve the human person, = research in a=20 Catholic University is always carried out with a concern for the=20 ethical and moral implications both of its methods = and of=20 its discoveries. This concern, while it must be present in all = research,=20 is particularly important in the areas of science and technology. = "It is=20 essential that we be convinced of the priority of the ethical over = the=20 technical, of the primacy of the person over things, of the = superiority of=20 the spirit over matter. The cause of the human person will only be = served=20 if knowledge is joined to conscience. Men and women of science = will truly=20 aid humanity only if they preserve 'the sense of the transcendence = of the=20 human person over the world and of God over the human = person"(21).

19. Theology plays a particularly important role in the = search=20 for a synthesis of knowledge as well as in the dialogue between = faith and=20 reason. It serves all other disciplines in their search for = meaning, not=20 only by helping them to investigate how their discoveries will = affect=20 individuals and society but also by bringing a perspective and an=20 orientation not contained within their own methodologies. In turn, = interaction with these other disciplines and their discoveries = enriches=20 theology, offering it a better understanding of the world today, = and=20 making theological research more relevant to current needs. = Because of its=20 specific importance among the academic disciplines, every Catholic = University should have a faculty, or at least a chair, of=20 theology(22).

20. Given the close connection between research and teaching, = the=20 research qualities indicated above will have their influence on = all=20 teaching. While each discipline is taught systematically and = according to=20 its own methods, interdisciplinary studies, assisted by a = careful=20 and thorough study of philosophy and theology, enable students to = acquire=20 an organic vision of reality and to develop a continuing desire = for=20 intellectual progress. In the communication of knowledge, emphasis = is then=20 placed on how human reason in its reflection opens to = increasingly=20 broader questions, and how the complete answer to them can only = come from=20 above through faith. Furthermore, the moral implications = that are=20 present in each discipline are examined as an integral part of the = teaching of that discipline so that the entire educative process = be=20 directed towards the whole development of the person. Finally, = Catholic=20 theology, taught in a manner faithful to Scripture, Tradition, and = the=20 Church's Magisterium, provides an awareness of the Gospel = principles which=20 will enrich the meaning of human life and give it a new = dignity.

Through research and teaching the students are educated in the = various=20 disciplines so as to become truly competent in the specific = sectors in=20 which they will devote themselves to the service of society and of = the=20 Church, but at the same time prepared to give the witness of their = faith=20 to the world.

2. The University Community

21. A Catholic University pursues its objectives through its = formation=20 of an authentic human community animated by the spirit of Christ. = The=20 source of its unity springs from a common dedication to the truth, = a=20 common vision of the dignity of the human person and, ultimately, = the=20 person and message of Christ which gives the Institution its = distinctive=20 character. As a result of this inspiration, the community is = animated by a=20 spirit of freedom and charity; it is characterized by mutual = respect,=20 sincere dialogue, and protection of the rights of individuals. It = assists=20 each of its members to achieve wholeness as human persons; in = turn,=20 everyone in the community helps in promoting unity, and each one,=20 according to his or her role and capacity, contributes towards = decisions=20 which affect the community, and also towards maintaining and = strengthening=20 the distinctive Catholic character of the Institution.

22. University teachers should seek to improve their = competence=20 and endeavour to set the content, objectives, methods, and results = of=20 research in an individual discipline within the framework of a = coherent=20 world vision. Christians among the teachers are called to be = witnesses and=20 educators of authentic Christian life, which evidences attained=20 integration between faith and life, and between professional = competence=20 and Christian wisdom. All teachers are to be inspired by academic = ideals=20 and by the principles of an authentically human life.

23. Students are challenged to pursue an education that = combines=20 excellence in humanistic and cultural development with specialized = professional training. Most especially, they are challenged to = continue=20 the search for truth and for meaning throughout their lives, since = "the=20 human spirit must be cultivated in such a way that there results a = growth=20 in its ability to wonder, to understand, to contemplate, to make = personal=20 judgments, and to develop a religious, moral, and social = sense"(23). This=20 enables them to acquire or, if they have already done so, to = deepen a=20 Christian way of life that is authentic. They should realize the=20 responsibility of their professional life, the enthusiasm of being = the=20 trained 'leaders' of tomorrow, of being witnesses to Christ in = whatever=20 place they may exercise their profession.

24. Directors and administrators in a Catholic = University=20 promote the constant growth of the University and its community = through a=20 leadership of service; the dedication and witness of the = non-academic=20 staff are vital for the identity and life of the = University.

25. Many Catholic Universities were founded by Religious = Congregations,=20 and continue to depend on their support; those Religious = Congregations=20 dedicated to the apostolate of higher education are urged to = assist these=20 Institutions in the renewal of their commitment, and to continue = to=20 prepare religious men and women who can positively contribute to = the=20 mission of a Catholic University.

Lay people have found in university activities a means = by which=20 they too could exercise an important apostolic role in the Church = and, in=20 most Catholic Universities today, the academic community is = largely=20 composed of laity; in increasing numbers, lay men and women are = assuming=20 important functions and responsibilities for the direction of = these=20 Institutions. These lay Catholics are responding to the Church's = call "to=20 be present, as signs of courage and intellectual creativity, in = the=20 privileged places of culture, that is, the world of = education-school and=20 university"(24). The future of Catholic Universities depends to a = great=20 extent on the competent and dedicated service of lay Catholics. = The Church=20 sees their developing presence in these institutions both as a = sign of=20 hope and as a confirmation of the irreplaceable lay vocation in = the Church=20 and in the world, confident that lay people will, in the exercise = of their=20 own distinctive role, "illumine and organize these (temporal) = affairs in=20 such a way that they always start out, develop, and continue = according to=20 Christ's mind, to the praise of the Creator and the = Redeemer"(25).

26. The university community of many Catholic institutions = includes=20 members of other Churches, ecclesial communities and religions, = and also=20 those who profess no religious belief. These men and women offer = their=20 training and experience in furthering the various academic = disciplines or=20 other university tasks.

3. The Catholic University in the Church

27. Every Catholic University, without ceasing to be a = University, has=20 a relationship to the Church that is essential to its = institutional=20 identity. As such, it participates most directly in the life of = the local=20 Church in which it is situated; at the same time, because it is an = academic institution and therefore a part of the international = community=20 of scholarship and inquiry, each institution participates in and=20 contributes to the life and the mission of the universal Church, = assuming=20 consequently a special bond with the Holy See by reason of the = service to=20 unity which it is called to render to the whole Church. One = consequence of=20 its essential relationship to the Church is that the = institutional=20 fidelity of the University to the Christian message includes a = recognition of and adherence to the teaching authority of the = Church in=20 matters of faith and morals. Catholic members of the university = community=20 are also called to a personal fidelity to the Church with all that = this=20 implies. Non-Catholic members are required to respect the Catholic = character of the University, while the University in turn respects = their=20 religious liberty(26).

28. Bishops have a particular responsibility to promote = Catholic=20 Universities, and especially to promote and assist in the = preservation and=20 strengthening of their Catholic identity, including the protection = of=20 their Catholic identity in relation to civil authorities. This = will be=20 achieved more effectively if close personal and pastoral = relationships=20 exist between University and Church authorities, characterized by = mutual=20 trust, close and consistent cooperation and continuing dialogue. = Even when=20 they do not enter directly into the internal governance of the = University,=20 Bishops "should be seen not as external agents but as participants = in the=20 life of the Catholic University"(27).

29. The Church, accepting "the legitimate autonomy of human = culture and=20 especially of the sciences", recognizes the academic freedom of = scholars=20 in each discipline in accordance with its own principles and = proper=20 methods(28), and within the confines of the truth and the common = good.

Theology has its legitimate place in the University alongside = other=20 disciplines. It has proper principles and methods which define it = as a=20 branch of knowledge. Theologians enjoy this same freedom so long = as they=20 are faithful to these principles and methods.

Bishops should encourage the creative work of theologians. They = serve=20 the Church through research done in a way that respects = theological=20 method. They seek to understand better, further develop and more=20 effectively communicate the meaning of Christian Revelation as = transmitted=20 in Scripture and Tradition and in the Church's Magisterium. They = also=20 investigate the ways in which theology can shed light on specific=20 questions raised by contemporary culture. At the same time, since = theology=20 seeks an understanding of revealed truth whose authentic = interpretation is=20 entrusted to the Bishops of the Church(29), it is intrinsic to the = principles and methods of their research and teaching in their = academic=20 discipline that theologians respect the authority of the Bishops, = and=20 assent to Catholic doctrine according to the degree of authority = with=20 which it is taught(30). Because of their interrelated roles, = dialogue=20 between Bishops and theologians is essential; this is especially = true=20 today, when the results of research are so quickly and so widely=20 communicated through the media(31).

B. THE MISSION OF SERVICE OF A CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

30. The basic mission of a University is a continuous quest for = truth=20 through its research, and the preservation and communication of = knowledge=20 for the good of society. A Catholic University participates in = this=20 mission with its own specific characteristics and purposes.

1. Service to Church and Society

31. Through teaching and research, a Catholic University offers = an=20 indispensable contribution to the Church. In fact, it prepares men = and=20 women who, inspired by Christian principles and helped to live = their=20 Christian vocation in a mature and responsible manner, will be = able to=20 assume positions of responsibility in the Church. Moreover, by = offering=20 the results of its scientific research, a Catholic University will = be able=20 to help the Church respond to the problems and needs of this = age.

32. A Catholic University, as any University, is immersed in = human=20 society; as an extension of its service to the Church, and always = within=20 its proper competence, it is called on to become an ever more = effective=20 instrument of cultural progress for individuals as well as for = society.=20 Induded among its research activities, therefore, will be a study = of=20 serious contemporary problems in areas such as the dignity = of human=20 life, the promotion of justice for all, the quality of personal = and family=20 life, the protection of nature, the search for peace and political = stability, a more just sharing in the world's resources, and a new = economic and political order that will better serve the human = community at=20 a national and international level. University research will seek = to=20 discover the roots and causes of the serious problems of our time, = paying=20 special attention to their ethical and religious dimensions.

If need be, a Catholic University must have the courage to = speak=20 uncomfortable truths which do not please public opinion, but which = are=20 necessary to safeguard the authentic good of society.

33. A specific priority is the need to examine and evaluate the = predominant values and norms of modern society and culture in a = Christian=20 perspective, and the responsibility to try to communicate to = society those=20 ethical and religious principles which give full meaning to = human life.=20 In this way a University can contribute further to the = development of=20 a true Christian anthropology, founded on the person of Christ, = which will=20 bring the dynamism of the creation and redemption to bear on = reality and=20 on the correct solution to the problems of life.

34. The Christian spirit of service to others for the = promotion of=20 social justice is of particular importance for each Catholic=20 University, to be shared by its teachers and developed in its = students.=20 The Church is firmly committed to the integral growth of all men = and=20 women(32). The Gospel, interpreted in the social teachings of the = Church,=20 is an urgent call to promote "the development of those peoples who = are=20 striving to escape from hunger, misery, endemic diseases and = ignorance; of=20 those who are looking for a wider share in the benefits of = civilization=20 and a more active improvement of their human qualities; of those = who are=20 aiming purposefully at their complete fulfilment"(33). Every = Catholic=20 University feels responsible to contribute concretely to the = progress of=20 the society within which it works: for example it will be capable = of=20 searching for ways to make university education accessible to all = those=20 who are able to benefit from it, especially the poor or members of = minority groups who customarily have been deprived of it. A = Catholic=20 University also has the responsibility, to the degree that it is = able, to=20 help to promote the development of the emerging nations.

35. In its attempts to resolve these complex issues that touch = on so=20 many different dimensions of human life and of society, a Catholic = University will insist on cooperation among the different academic = disciplines, each offering its distinct contribution in the search = for=20 solutions; moreover, since the economic and personal resources of = a single=20 Institution are limited, cooperation in common research = projects=20 among Catholic Universities, as well as with other private and = governmental institutions, is imperative. In this regard, and also = in what=20 pertains to the other fields of the specific activity of a = Catholic=20 University, the role played by various national and international=20 associations of Catholic Universities is to be emphasized. Among = these=20 associations the mission of The International Federation of = Catholic=20 Universities, founded by the Holy See(34), is particularly to = be=20 remembered. The Holy See anticipates further fruitful = collaboration with=20 this Federation.

36. Through programmes of continuing education offered = to the=20 wider community, by making its scholars available for consulting = services,=20 by taking advantage of modern means of communication, and in a = variety of=20 other ways, a Catholic University can assist in making the growing = body of=20 human knowledge and a developing understanding of the faith = available to a=20 wider public, thus expanding university services beyond its own = academic=20 community.

37. In its service to society, a Catholic University will = relate=20 especially to the academic, cultural and scientific world of = the=20 region in which it is located. Original forms of dialogue and=20 collaboration are to be encouraged between the Catholic = Universities and=20 the other Universities of a nation on behalf of development, of=20 understanding between cultures, and of the defence of nature in = accordance=20 with an awareness of the international ecological situation.

Catholic Universities join other private and public = Institutions in=20 serving the public interest through higher education and research; = they=20 are one among the variety of different types of institution that = are=20 necessary for the free expression of cultural diversity, and they = are=20 committed to the promotion of solidarity and its meaning in = society and in=20 the world. Therefore they have the full right to expect that civil = society=20 and public authorities will recognize and defend their = institutional=20 autonomy and academic freedom; moreover, they have the right to = the=20 financial support that is necessary for their continued existence = and=20 development.

2. Pastoral Ministry

38. Pastoral ministry is that activity of the University which = offers=20 the members of the university community an opportunity to = integrate=20 religious and moral principles with their academic study and = non-academic=20 activities, thus integrating faith with life. It is part of = the=20 mission of the Church within the University, and is also a = constitutive=20 element of a Catholic University itself, both in its structure and = in its=20 life. A university community concerned with promoting the = Institution's=20 Catholic character will be conscious of this pastoral dimension = and=20 sensitive to the ways in which it can have an influence on all = university=20 activities.

39. As a natural expression of the Catholic identity of the = University,=20 the university community should give a practical demonstration = of its=20 faith in its daily activity, with important moments of = reflection and=20 of prayer. Catholic members of this community will be offered=20 opportunities to assimilate Catholic teaching and practice into = their=20 lives and will be encouraged to participate in the celebration of = the=20 sacraments, especially the Eucharist as the most perfect act of = community=20 worship. When the academic community includes members of other = Churches,=20 ecclesial communities or religions, their initiatives for = reflection and=20 prayer in accordance with their own beliefs are to be = respected.

40. Those involved in pastoral ministry will encourage teachers = and=20 students to become more aware of their responsibility towards = those who=20 are suffering physically or spiritually. Following the example of = Christ,=20 they will be particularly attentive to the poorest and to those = who suffer=20 economic, social, cultural or religious injustice. This = responsibility=20 begins within the academic community, but it also finds = application beyond=20 it.

41. Pastoral ministry is an indispensable means by which = Catholic=20 students can, in fulfilment of their baptism, be prepared for = active=20 participation in the life of the Church; it can assist in = developing=20 and nurturing the value of marriage and family life, fostering = vocations=20 to the priesthood and religious life, stimulating the Christian = commitment=20 of the laity and imbuing every activity with the spirit of the = Gospel.=20 Close cooperation between pastoral ministry in a Catholic = University and=20 the other activities within the local Church, under the guidance = or with=20 the approval of the diocesan Bishop, will contribute to their = mutual=20 growth(35).

42. Various associations or movements of spiritual and = apostolic life,=20 especially those developed specifically for students, can be of = great=20 assistance in developing the pastoral aspects of university = life.

3. Cultural Dialogue

43. By its very nature, a University develops culture through = its=20 research, helps to transmit the local culture to each succeeding=20 generation through its teaching, and assists cultural activities = through=20 its educational services. It is open to all human experience and = is ready=20 to dialogue with and learn from any culture. A Catholic University = shares=20 in this, offering the rich experience of the Church's own culture. = In=20 addition, a Catholic University, aware that human culture is open = to=20 Revelation and transcendence, is also a primary and privileged = place for a=20 fruitful dialogue between the Gospel and culture.

44. Through this dialogue a Catholic University assists the = Church,=20 enabling it to come to a better knowledge of diverse cultures, = discern=20 their positive and negative aspects, to receive their = authentically human=20 contributions, and to develop means by which it can make the faith = better=20 understood by the men and women of a particular culture(36). While = it is=20 true that the Gospel cannot be identified with any particular = culture and=20 transcends all cultures, it is also true that "the Kingdom which = the=20 Gospel proclaims is lived by men and women who are profoundly = linked to a=20 culture, and the building up of the Kingdom cannot avoid borrowing = the=20 elements of human culture or cultures(37). "A faith that places = itself on=20 the margin of what is human, of what is therefore culture, would = be a=20 faith unfaithful to the fullness of what the Word of God manifests = and=20 reveals, a decapitated faith, worse still, a faith in the process = of=20 self-annihilation"(38).

45. A Catholic University must become more attentive to the = cultures=20 of the world of today, and to the various cultural = traditions=20 existing within the Church in a way that will promote a = continuous and=20 profitable dialogue between the Gospel and modern society. Among = the=20 criteria that characterize the values of a culture are above all, = the=20 meaning of the human person, his or her liberty, dignity, = sense=20 of responsibility, and openness to the transcendent. To a = respect for=20 persons is joined the preeminent value of the family, the = primary=20 unit of every human culture.

Catholic Universities will seek to discern and evaluate both = the=20 aspirations and the contradictions of modern culture, in order to = make it=20 more suited to the total development of individuals and peoples. = In=20 particular, it is recommended that by means of appropriate = studies, the=20 impact of modern technology and especially of the mass media on = persons,=20 the family, and the institutions and whole of modem culture be = studied=20 deeply. Traditional cultures are to be defended in their identity, = helping=20 them to receive modern values without sacrificing their own = heritage,=20 which is a wealth for the whole of the human family. Universities, = situated within the ambience of these cultures, will seek to = harmonize=20 local cultures with the positive contributions of modern = cultures.

46. An area that particularly interests a Catholic University = is the=20 dialogue between Christian thought and the modern sciences. = This=20 task requires persons particularly well versed in the individual=20 disciplines and who are at the same time adequately prepared=20 theologically, and who are capable of confronting epistemological=20 questions at the level of the relationship between faith and = reason. Such=20 dialogue concerns the natural sciences as much as the human = sciences which=20 posit new and complex philosophical and ethical problems. The = Christian=20 researcher should demonstrate the way in which human intelligence = is=20 enriched by the higher truth that comes from the Gospel: "The = intelligence=20 is never diminished, rather, it is stimulated and reinforced by = that=20 interior fount of deep understanding that is the Word of God, and = by the=20 hierarchy of values that results from it... In its unique manner, = the=20 Catholic University helps to manifest the superiority of the = spirit, that=20 can never, without the risk of losing its very self, be placed at = the=20 service of something other than the search for truth"(39).

47. Besides cultural dialogue, a Catholic University, in = accordance=20 vith its specific ends, and keeping in mind the various = religious-cultural=20 contexts, following the directives promulgated by competent = ecclesiastical=20 authority, can offer a contribution to ecumenical dialogue. It = does so to=20 further the search for unity among all Christians. In = inter-religious=20 dialogue it will assist in discerning the spiritual values that = are=20 present in the different religions.

4. Evangelization

48. The primary mission of the Church is to preach the Gospel = in such a=20 way that a relationship between faith and life is established in = each=20 individual and in the socio-cultural context in which individuals = live and=20 act and communicate with one another. Evangelization means = "bringing the=20 Good News into all the strata of humanity, and through its = influence=20 transforming humanity from within and making it new... It is a = question=20 not only of preaching the Gospel in ever wider geographic areas or = to ever=20 greater numbers of people, but also of affecting and, as it were,=20 upsetting, through the power of the Gospel, humanity's criteria of = judgment, determining values, points of interest, lines of = thought,=20 sources of inspiration and models of life, which are in contrast = with the=20 Word of God and the plan of salvation"(40).

49. By its very nature, each Catholic University makes an = important=20 contribution to the Church's work of evangelization. It is a = living=20 institutional witness to Christ and his message, so vitally = important in cultures marked by secularism, or where Christ and = his=20 message are still virtually unknown. Moreover, all the basic = academic=20 activities of a Catholic University are connected with and in = harmony with=20 the evangelizing mission of the Church: research carried out in = the light=20 of the Christian message which puts new human discoveries at the = service=20 of individuals and society; education offered in a faith-context = that=20 forms men and women capable of rational and critical judgment and=20 conscious of the transcendent dignity of the human person; = professional=20 training that incorporates ethical values and a sense of service = to=20 individuals and to society; the dialogue with culture that makes = the faith=20 better understood, and the theological research that translates = the faith=20 into contemporary language. "Precisely because it is more and more = conscious of its salvific mission in this world, the Church wants = to have=20 these centres closely connected with it; it wants to have them = present and=20 operative in spreading the authentic message of Christ"(41).

PART II

GENERAL NORMS

Article 1. The Nature of these General Norms

=A7 1. These General Norms are based on, and are a further = development=20 of, the Code of Canon Law(42) and the complementary Church = legislation,=20 without prejudice to the right of the Holy See to intervene should = this=20 become necessary. They are valid for all Catholic Universities and = other=20 Catholic Institutes of Higher Studies throughout the world.

=A7 2. The General Norms are to be applied concretely at the = local and=20 regional levels by Episcopal Conferences and other Assemblies of = Catholic=20 Hierarchy(43) in conformity with the Code of Canon Law and = complementary=20 Church legislation, taking into account the Statutes of each = University or=20 Institute and, as far as possible and appropriate, civil law. = After review=20 by the Holy See(44), these local or regional "Ordinances" will be = valid=20 for all Catholic Universities and other Catholic Institutes of = Higher=20 Studies in the region, except for Ecclesiastical Universities and=20 Faculties. These latter Institutions, including Ecclesiastical = Faculties=20 which are part of a Catholic University, are governed by the norms = of the=20 Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana(45).

=A7 3. A University established or approved by the Holy See, by = an=20 Episcopal Conference or another Assembly of Catholic Hierarchy, or = by a=20 diocesan Bishop is to incorporate these General Norms and their = local and=20 regional applications into its governing documents, and conform = its=20 existing Statutes both to the General Norms and to their = applications, and=20 submit them for approval to the competent ecclesiastical = Authority. It is=20 contemplated that other Catholic Universities, that is, those not=20 established or approved in any of the above ways, with the = agreement of=20 the local ecclesiastical Authority, will make their own the = General Norms=20 and their local and regional applications, internalizing them into = their=20 governing documents, and, as far as possible, will conform their = existing=20 Statutes both to these General Norms and to their = applications.

Article 2. The Nature of a Catholic = University

=A7 1. A Catholic University, like every university, is a = community of=20 scholars representing various branches of human knowledge. It is = dedicated=20 to research, to teaching, and to various kinds of service in = accordance=20 with its cultural mission.

=A7 2. A Catholic University, as Catholic, informs and carries = out its=20 research, teaching, and all other activities with Catholic ideals, = principles and attitudes. It is linked with the Church either by a = formal,=20 constitutive and statutory bond or by reason of an institutional=20 commitment made by those responsible for it.

=A7 3. Every Catholic University is to make known its Catholic = identity,=20 either in a mission statement or in some other appropriate public=20 document, unless authorized otherwise by the competent = ecclesiastical=20 Authority. The University, particularly through its structure and = its=20 regulations, is to provide means which will guarantee the = expression and=20 the preservation of this identity in a manner consistent with = =A72.

=A7 4. Catholic teaching and discipline are to influence all = university=20 activities, while the freedom of conscience of each person is to = be fully=20 respected(46). Any official action or commitment of the University = is to=20 be in accord with its Catholic identity.

=A7 5. A Catholic University possesses the autonomy necessary = to develop=20 its distinctive identity and pursue its proper mission. Freedom in = research and teaching is recognized and respected according to the = principles and methods of each individual discipline, so long as = the=20 rights of the individual and of the community are preserved within = the=20 confines of the truth and the common good(47).

Article 3. The Establishment of a Catholic = University

=A7 1. A Catholic University may be established or approved by = the Holy=20 See, by an Episcopal Conference or another Assembly of Catholic = Hierarchy,=20 or by a diocesan Bishop.

=A7 2. With the consent of the diocesan Bishop, a Catholic = University may=20 also be established by a Religious Institute or other public = juridical=20 person.

=A7 3. A Catholic University may also be established by other=20 ecclesiastical or lay persons; such a University may refer to = itself as a=20 Catholic University only with the consent of the competent = ecclesiastical=20 Authority, in accordance with the conditions upon which both = parties shall=20 agree(48).

=A7 4. In the cases of =A7=A7 1 and 2, the Statutes must be = approved by the=20 competent ecclesiastical Authority.

Article 4. The University Community

=A7 1. The responsibility for maintaining and strengthening the = Catholic=20 identity of the University rests primarily with the University = itself.=20 While this responsibility is entrusted principally to university=20 authorities (including, when the positions exist, the Chancellor = and/or a=20 Board of Trustees or equivalent body), it is shared in varying = degrees by=20 all members of the university community, and therefore calls for = the=20 recruitment of adequate university personnel, especially teachers = and=20 administrators, who are both willing and able to promote that = identity.=20 The identity of a Catholic University is essentially linked to the = quality=20 of its teachers and to respect for Catholic doctrine. It is the=20 responsibility of the competent Authority to watch over these two=20 fundamental needs in accordance with what is indicated in Canon=20 Law(49).

=A7 2. All teachers and all administrators, at the time of = their=20 appointment, are to be informed about the Catholic identity of the = Institution and its implications, and about their responsibility = to=20 promote, or at least to respect, that identity.

=A7 3. In ways appropriate to the different academic = disciplines, all=20 Catholic teachers are to be faithful to, and all other teachers = are to=20 respect, Catholic doctrine and morals in their research and = teaching. In=20 particular, Catholic theologians, aware that they fulfil a mandate = received from the Church, are to be faithful to the Magisterium of = the=20 Church as the authentic interpreter of Sacred Scripture and Sacred = Tradition(50).

=A7 4. Those university teachers and administrators who belong = to other=20 Churches, ecclesial communities, or religions, as well as those = who=20 profess no religious belief, and also all students, are to = recognize and=20 respect the distinctive Catholic identity of the University. In = order not=20 to endanger the Catholic identity of the University or Institute = of Higher=20 Studies, the number of non-Catholic teachers should not be allowed = to=20 constitute a majority within the Institution, which is and must = remain=20 Catholic.

=A7 5. The education of students is to combine academic and = professional=20 development with formation in moral and religious principles and = the=20 social teachings of the Church; the programme of studies for each = of the=20 various professions is to include an appropriate ethical formation = in that=20 profession. Courses in Catholic doctrine are to be made available = to all=20 students(51).

Article 5. The Catholic University within the = Church

=A7 1. Every Catholic University is to maintain communion with = the=20 universal Church and the Holy See; it is to be in close communion = with the=20 local Church and in particular with the diocesan Bishops of the = region or=20 nation in which it is located. In ways consistent with its nature = as a=20 University, a Catholic University will contribute to the Church's = work of=20 evangelization.

=A7 2. Each Bishop has a responsibility to promote the welfare = of the=20 Catholic Universities in his diocese and has the right and duty to = watch=20 over the preservation and strengthening of their Catholic = character. If=20 problems should arise conceming this Catholic character, the local = Bishop=20 is to take the initiatives necessary to resolve the matter, = working with=20 the competent university authorities in accordance with = established=20 procedures(52) and, if necessary, with the help of the Holy = See.

=A7 3. Periodically, each Catholic University, to which Artide = 3, 1 and 2=20 refers, is to communicate relevant information about the = University and=20 its activities to the competent ecclesiastical Authority. Other = Catholic=20 Universities are to communicate this information to the Bishop of = the=20 diocese in which the principal seat of the Institution is = located.

Article 6. Pastoral Ministry

=A7 1. A Catholic University is to promote the pastoral care of = all=20 members of the university community, and to be especially = attentive to the=20 spiritual development of those who are Catholics. Priority is to = be given=20 to those means which will facilitate the integration of human and=20 professional education with religious values in the light of = Catholic=20 doctrine, in order to unite intellectual learning with the = religious=20 dimension of life.

=A7 2. A sufficient number of qualified people-priests, = religious, and=20 lay persons-are to be appointed to provide pastoral ministry for = the=20 university community, carried on in harmony and cooperation with = the=20 pastoral activities of the local Church under the guidance or with = the=20 approval of the diocesan Bishop. All members of the university = community=20 are to be invited to assist the work of pastoral ministry, and to=20 collaborate in its activities.

Article 7. Cooperation

=A7 1. In order better to confront the complex problems facing = modern=20 society, and in order to strengthen the Catholic identity of the=20 Institutions, regional, national and international cooperation is = to be=20 promoted in research, teaching, and other university activities = among all=20 Catholic Universities, induding Ecclesiastical Universities and=20 Faculties(53). Such cooperation is also to be promoted between = Catholic=20 Universities and other Universities, and with other research and=20 educational Institutions, both private and = governmental.

=A7 2. Catholic Universities will, when possible and in accord = with=20 Catholic principles and doctrine, cooperate with government = programmes and=20 the programmes of other national and international Organizations = on behalf=20 of justice, development and progress.

TRANSITIONAL NORMS

Art. 8. The present Constitution will come into effect on the = first day=20 to the academic year 1991.

Art. 9. The application of the Constitution is committed to the = Congregation for Catholic Education, which has the duty to = promulgate the=20 necessary directives that will serve towards that end.

Art. 10. It will be the competence of the Congregation for = Catholic=20 Education, when with the passage of time circumstances require it, = to=20 propose changes to be made in the present Constitution in order = that it=20 may be adapted continuously to the needs of Catholic = Universities.

Art. 11. Any particular laws or customs presently in effect = that are=20 contrary to this Constitution are abolished. Also, any privileges = granted=20 up to this day by the Holy See whether to physical or moral = persons that=20 are contrary to this present Constitution are abolished.

CONCLUSION

The mission that the Church, with great hope, entrusts to = Catholic=20 Universities holds a cultural and religious meaning of vital = importance=20 because it concerns the very future of humanity. The renewal = requested of=20 Catholic Universities will make them better able to respond to the = task of=20 bringing the message of Christ to man, to society, to the various=20 cultures: "Every human reality, both individual and social has = been=20 liberated by Christ: persons, as well as the activities of men and = women,=20 of which culture is the highest and incarnate expression. The = salvific=20 action of the Church on cultures is achieved, first of all, by = means of=20 persons, families and educators... Jesus Christ, our Saviour, = offers his=20 light and his hope to all those who promote the sciences, the = arts,=20 letters and the numerous fields developed by modem culture. = Therefore, all=20 the sons and daughters of the Church should become aware of their = mission=20 and discover how the strength of the Gospel can penetrate and = regenerate=20 the mentalities and dominant values that inspire individual = cultures, as=20 well as the opinions and mental attitudes that are derived from=20 it"(54).

It is with fervent hope that I address this Document to all the = men and=20 women engaged in various ways in the significant mission of = Catholic=20 higher education.

Beloved Brothers and Sisters, my encouragement and my trust go = with you=20 in your weighty daily task that becomes ever more important, more = urgent=20 and necessary on behalf of Evangelization for the future of = culture and of=20 all cultures. The Church and the world have great need of your = witness and=20 of your capable, free, and responsible contribution.

Given in Rome, at Saint Peter's, on 15 August, the Solemnity = of the=20 Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven, in the year = 1990, the=20 twelfth of the Pontificate.

1 Cf. The letter of Pope Alexander IV to the University of = Paris, 14=20 April 1255, Introduction: Bullarium Diplomatum..., vol. = III,=20 Turin 1858, p. 602.

2 SAINT AUGUSTINE, Confes. X, xxiii, 33: "In fact, the = blessed=20 life consists in the joy that comes from the truth, since = this joy=20 comes from You who are Truth, God my light, salvation of my face, = my God".=20 PL 32, 793-794. Cf. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS, De Malo, IX, 1: = "It is=20 actually natural to man to strive for knowledge of the truth".

3 JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to the "Institut Catholique de = Paris", 1 June=20 1980: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, Vol. III/1 (1980), = p.=20 1581.

4 JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to the Cardinals, 10 November 1979:=20 Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, Vol. II/2 (1979), p. = 1096; cf.=20 Discourse to UNESCO, Paris, 2 June 1980: AAS 72 (1980), pp. = 735-752.

5 Cf. JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to the University of Coimbra, 15 = May=20 1982: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, Vol. V/2 (1982), = p.=20 1692.

6 PAUL VI, Allocution to Representatives of States, 4 October = 1965:=20 Insegnamenti di Paolo VI, Vol. III (1965), p. = 508.

7 JOHN HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, The Idea of a University, = London,=20 Longmans, Green and Company, 1931, p. XI.

8 Jn 14:6.

9 Cf. SAINT AUGUSTINE, Serm. 43, 9: PL 38, 258. Cf. also SAINT = ANSELM,=20 Proslogion, chap. I: PL 158, 227.

10 Cf. JOHN PAUL II, Allocution to the International Congress = on=20 Catholic Universities, 25 April 1989, n. 3: AAS 18 (1989), p. = 1218.

11 JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana = concerning=20 the Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties, 15 April 1979: AAS = 71=20 (1979), pp. 469-521.

12 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Declaration on Catholic Education = Gravissimum=20 Educationis, n. 10: AAS 58 (1966), p. 737.

13 Mt 13:52.

14 Cf. The Magna Carta of the European Universities, = Bologna,=20 Italy, 18 September 1988, "Fundamental Principles".

15 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church = in the=20 Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 59: AAS 58 (1966), p. = 1080;=20 Declaration on Catholic Education Gravissimum Educationis, = n. 10:=20 AAS 58 (1966), p. 737. "Institutional autonomy" means that the = governance=20 of an academic institution is and remains internal to the = institution;=20 "academic freedom" is the guarantee given to those involved in = teaching=20 and research that, within their specific specialized branch of = knowledge,=20 and according to the methods proper to that specific area, they = may search=20 for the truth wherever analysis and evidence leads them, and may = teach and=20 publish the results of this search, keeping in mind the cited = criteria,=20 that is, safeguarding the rights of the individual and of society = within=20 the confines of the truth and the common good.

16 There is a two-fold notion of culture used in this = document:=20 the humanistic and the socio-historical. "The word = 'culture'=20 in its general sense indicates all those factors by which man = refines and=20 unfolds his manifold spiritual and bodily qualities. It means his = effort=20 to bring the world itself under his control by his knowledge and = his=20 labor. It includes the fact that by improving customs and = institutions he=20 renders social life more human both within the family and in the = civic=20 community. Finally, it is a feature of culture that throughout the = course=20 of time man expresses, communicates, and conserves in his works = great=20 spiritual experiences and desires, so that these may be of = advantage to=20 the progress of many, even of the whole human family. Hence it = follows=20 that human culture necessarily has a historical and social aspect = and that=20 the word 'culture' often takes on a sociological and ethnological = sense".=20 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the = Modern=20 World Gaudium et Spes, n. 53: AAS 58 (1966), p. 1075.

17 L'Universit=E9 Catholique dans le monde moderne. Document = final du=20 2=E8me Congr=E8s des D=E9l=E9gu=E9s des Universit=E9s = Catholiques, Rome,=20 20-29 November 1972, =A7 1.

18 Ibid.

19 JOHN PAUL II, Allocution to the International Congress on = Catholic=20 Universities, 25 Aprii 1989, n. 4: AAS 81 (1989), p. 1219. = Cf. also=20 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the = Modern=20 WorldGaudium et Spes, n. 61: AAS 58 (1966), pp. = 1081-1082.=20 Cardinal Newman observes that a University "professes to assign to = each=20 study which it receives, its proper place and its just boundaries; = to=20 define the rights, to establish the mutual relations and to effect = the=20 intercommunion of one and all". (Op. cit., p. 457).

20 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in = the=20 Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 36: AAS 58 (1966), p. = 1054. To a=20 group of scientists I pointed out that "while reason and faith = surely=20 represent two distinct orders of knowledge, each autonomous with = regard to=20 its own methods, the two must finally converge in the discovery of = a=20 single whole reality which has its origin in God". (JOHN PAUL II,=20 Address at the Meeting on Galileo, 9 May 1983, n. 3: AAS 75 = [1983],=20 p. 690).

21 JOHN PAUL II, Address at UNESCO, 2 June 1980, n. 22: AAS 72 = (1980),=20 p. 750. The last part of the quotation uses words directed to the=20 Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 10 November 1979: Insegnamenti = di=20 Giovanni Paolo II, Vol. II/2 (1979), p. 1109.

22 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Declaration on Catholic Education=20 Gravissimum Educationis, n. 10: AAS 58 (1966), p. = 737.

23 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in = the=20 Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 59: AAS 58 (1966), = p. 1080.=20 Cardinal Newman describes the ideal to be sought in this way: "A = habit of=20 mind is formed which lasts through life, of which the attributes = are=20 freedom, equitableness, calmness, moderation and wisdom". (Op. = cit.,=20 pp. 101-102).

24 JOHN PAUL II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation = Christifideles=20 Laici, 30 December 1988, n. 44: AAS 81 (1989), p. 479.

25 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church = Lumen=20 Gentium, n. 31: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 37-38. Cf. Decree on = the=20 Apostolate of the Laity Apostolicam Actuositatem, passim: = AAS 58=20 (1966), pp. 837ff. Cf. also Gaudium et Spes, n. 43: AAS = 58=20 (1966), pp. 1061-1064.

26 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Declaration on Religious Liberty=20 Dignitatis Humanae, n. 2: AAS 58 (1966), pp. 930-931.

27 JOHN PAUL II, Address to Leaders of Catholic Higher = Education,=20 Xavier University of Louisiana, U.S.A., 12 September 1987, n. 4: = AAS 80=20 (1988), p. 764.

28 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in = the=20 Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 59: AAS 58 (1966), = p.=20 1080.

29 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine = Revelation=20 Dei Verbum, nn. 8-10: AAS 58 (1966), pp. = 820-822.

30 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church = Lumen=20 Gentium, n. 25: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 29-31.

31 Cf. "Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of the = Theologian" of the=20 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith of 24 May 1990.

32 Cf. JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo Rei = Socialis,

nn. 27-34: AAS 80 (1988), pp. 547-560.

33 PAUL VI, Encyclical Letter Populorum Progressio, n. = 1: AAS=20 59

(1967), p. 257.

34 "Therefore, in that there has been a pleasing multiplication = of=20 centres of higher learning, it has become apparent that it would = be=20 opportune for the faculty and the alumni to unite in common = association=20 which, working in reciprocal understanding and close = collaboration, and=20 based upon the authority of the Supreme Pontiff, as father and = universal=20 doctor, they might more efficaciously spread and extend the light = of=20 Christ". (Plus XII, Apostolic Letter Catholicas Studiorum=20 Universitates, with which The International Federation of = Catholic=20 Universities was established: AAS 42 [1950], p. 386).

35 The Code of Canon Law indicates the general responsibility = of the=20 Bishop toward university students: "The diocesan bishop is to have = serious=20 pastoral concern for students by erecting a parish for them or by=20 assigning priests for this purpose on a stable basis; he is also = to=20 provide for Catholic university centers at universities, even = non-Catholic=20 ones, to give assistance, especially spiritual to young people". = (CIC,=20 can. 813).

36 "Living in various circumstances during the course of time, = the=20 Church, too, has used in her preaching the discoveries of = different=20 cultures to spread and explain the message of Christ to all = nations, to=20 probe it and more deeply understand it, and to give it better = expression=20 in liturgical celebrations and in the life of the diversified = community of=20 the faithful". (VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the = Church in=20 the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 58: AAS 58 = [1966], p.=20 1079).

37 PAUL VI, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi, = n. 20:=20 AAS 68 (1976), p. 18. Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastotal = Constitution=20 on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. 58: = AAS=20 58 (1966), p. 1079.

38 JOHN PAUL II, Address to Intellectuals, to Students and to=20 University Personnel at Medell=EDn, Colombia, 5 July 1986, n. 3: = AAS 79=20 (1987), p. 99. Cf. also VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution = on the=20 Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, n. = 58:=20 AAS 58 (1966), p. 1079.

39 PAUL VI, to the Delegates of The International Federation of = Catholic Universities, 27 November 1972: AAS 64 (1972), p. = 770.

40 PAUL VI, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi, = nn.=20 18ff.: AAS 68 (1976), pp. 17-18.

41 PAUL VI, Address to Presidents and Rectors of the = Universities of=20 the Society of Jesus, 6 August 1975, n. 2: AAS 67 (1975), p. 533. = Speaking=20 to the participants of the International Congress on Catholic=20 Universities, 25 April 1989, I added (n. 5): "Within a Catholic = University=20 the evangelical mission of the Church and the mission of research = and=20 teaching become interrelated and coordinated": = Cf.=20 AAS 81 (1989), p. 1220.

42 Cf. in particular the Chapter of the Code: "Catholic = Universities=20 and other Institutes of Higher Studies" (CIC, cann. = 807-814).

43 Episcopal Conferences were established in the Latin Rite. = Other=20 Rites have other Assemblies of Catholic Hierarchy.

44 Cf. CIC, Can. 455, =A7 2.

45 Cf. Sapientia Christiana: AAS 71 (1979), pp. 469-521. = Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties are those that have the = right to=20 confer academic degress by the authority of the Holy See.

46 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Declaration on Religious Liberty=20 Dignitatis Humanae, n. 2: AAS 58 (1966), pp. = 930-931.

47 Cf. VATICAN COUNCIL II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church = in the=20 Modern World Gaudium et Spes, nn. 57 and 59: AAS 58 = (1966),=20 pp. 1077-1080; Gravissimum Educationis, n. 10: AAS = 58=20 (1966), p. 737.

48 Both the establishment of such a university and the = conditions by=20 which it may refer to itself as a Catholic University are to be in = accordance with the prescriptions issued by the Holy See, = Episcopal=20 Conference or other Assembly of Catholic Hierarchy.

49 Canon 810 of CIC, specifies the responsibility of the = competent=20 Authorities in this area: =A7 1 "It is the responsibility of the = authority=20 who is competent in accord with the statutes to provide for the=20 appointment of teachers to Catholic universities who, besides = their=20 scientific and pedagogical suitability, are also outstanding in = their=20 integrity of doctrine and probity of life; when those requisite = qualities=20 are lacking they are to be removed from their positions in accord = with the=20 procedure set forth in the statutes. =A7 2 The conference of = bishops and the=20 diocesan bishops concerned have the duty and right of being = vigilant that=20 in these universities the principles of Catholic doctrine are = faithfully=20 observed". Cf. also Article 5, 2 ahead in these "Norms".

50 VATICAN COUNCIL II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church = Lumen=20 Gentium, n. 25: AAS 57 (1965), p. 29; Dei Verbum, = nn.=20 8-10: AAS 58 (1966), pp. 820-822; Cf. CIC, can. 812: = "It is=20 necessary that those who teach theological disciplines in any = institute of=20 higher studies have a mandate from the competent ecclesiastical=20 authority".

51 Cf. CIC, can 811 =A7 2.

52 For Universities to which Article 3 =A7=A7 1 and 2 refer, = these=20 procedures are to be established in the university statutes = approved by=20 the competent ecclesiastical Authority; for other Catholic = Universities,=20 they are to be determined by Episcopal Conferences or other = Assemblies of=20 Catholic Hierarchy.

53 Cf. CIC, can. 820. Cf. also Sapientia=20 Christiana, Norms of Application, Article 49: AAS 71 = (1979), p.=20 512.

54 JOHN PAUL II, to the Pontifical Council for Culture, 13 = January=20 1989, n. 2: AAS 81 (1989), pp. 857-858.

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