Citations in Text

          Basic form for citations in the text include the last name of the author(s) and year of publication.

          Include page number when you quote directly from the work or refer to specific passages.

• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses

              When Chu (1977) studied…

• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:

               When the study was completed…(Jones 1994)

• If the page number is to be included it follows the year of publication after a colon:

               …Chavez (1966:16)

• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the

          first name and et al.; for more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus et al.:

              (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954) (Snow et al. 1989)

• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks; the citation follows the

          end quote mark and precedes the period.

              "In 1999, however, the data were reported by more specific job types which showed that

               technologically oriented jobs paid better" (Hildenbrand 1999:47).

 

Reference List 

• Begin the reference list on a separate page headed with the word “References” in upper and lower case.
• All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list.
• Double-space the references.
• Invert the authors’ names; if there are two or more authors, invert only the first author’s name.
• Use six hyphens and a period (------.) in place of the name(s) for second and succeeding occurrences of works by the same author.
• Use city and state (U.S.  postal abbreviation) for all cities except New York. For cities outside of the U.S. provide the country.
• Use italics for book and periodical titles; underline if italics are not available.

 

 Examples of References

• Books – One Author

Prus, Robert C. 1996.  Symbolic Interaction and Ethnographic Research:

          Intersubjectivity and the Study of Human Lived Experience.

          Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

 

• Books – Two Authors

Renzetti, Claire M. and Daniel J. Curran.  1998.  Living

           Sociology.  Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

 

• Books – Edited

Turner, Stephen P., ed. 1996.  Social Theory and Sociology:

             The Classics and Beyond.  Cambridge, MA:  Blackwell. 

 

•  Books – Editions

Booth, Barbara. 1999.  Thesaurus of Sociological Indexing

              Terms.  5th ed. Bethesda, MD:  Cambridge Scientific Abstracts.

 

• Books – No Author

Manual of Style, 1993. 14th ed. Chicago: IL:  University of

          Chicago Press.

 

•  Books – Chapters

Berk, Richard. 1972. “The Controversy Surrounding Analysis of Collective

           Violence: Some Methodological Notes.” Pp. 112-118 in

          Collective Violence, edited by James F. Short and Marvin E.

          Wolfgang. Chicago,  IL: Aldine.

          

• Articles from Journals – One Author

Crawford, Walt. 1999. “Bits Is Bits: Pitfall in Digital Reformatting.”

            American Libraries 30 (5): 47-49.

Use the issue number or exact date for journals that do not number

pages consecutively within a volume.

 

• Articles from Journals – Multiple Authors

Besemer, Susan P., Sarah B. Dorsey, Barbara L. Kittle and Carrie M. Niles.

           1993. “Managing the Academic Library through Teamwork:

           A Case Study.”  Journal of Library Administration 18: 69-89.

 

• Articles from Magazines and Newspapers

Gibbs, Nancy. 1999. “Noon in the Garden of Good and Evil: The Tragedy at

            Columbine Began As a Crime Story But Is Becoming a Parable.”

            Time, May 17, 153: 54.

 

Snyder, Donna. 1999. “Judge Orders Teen’s Hearing in

          Murder Case to Be Closed.” The Buffalo News, May 18, 1B.

 

• Articles from Commercial Electronic Periodical Databases

Graham, Lorie M. 1998. “The Past Never Vanishes: A Contextual Critique

           of the Existing Indian Family Doctrine” American Indian Law

          Review, 23: 1 (32,854 words).  Retrieved March 26, 2002 Available: 

          LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe, Law Reviews.

 

Whipple, Ellen E. 1999. “Reaching Families with Preschoolers at Risk of

          Physical Child Abuse: What Works?” Families in Society: The

           Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 80: 148 (1 page.)

           Retrieved March  26, 2002 Available: InfoTrac OneFile.

 

 Articles from Electronic Journals

Chuang, Chien-Pen, Xing Lan and Joseph C. Chen. 1999.  “A Systematic

            Procedure for Designing State Combination Circuits in PLCs”

           Journal of Industrial Technology, 15 (3 pages).  Retrieved March 26,

           2002 (http://www.nait.org/).

 

Rehfeld, Jens F. 1998. “The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones”

            Physiological Reviews, 78: 1087-1108.  Retrieved March

            26, 2002 (http://physrev.physiology.org/search.shtml.)

 

• Information Posted on Web Pages, etc.

American Sociological Association. 2002. “2002 Annual Meeting”

           Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.  Retrieved

          March 26, 2002 (http://asanet.org/convention/2002/index.html.)

 

 Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies. 1998. “Comparative Rural Sociology

           in Asia.” PROJECT (3). Japan. Retrieved March 26, 2002

           (http://www.chubu.ac.jp/inst/projects/comparative-index-.html).

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Last revision: October 16, 2007